Menjelang pelaksanaan pemilihan presiden mendatang, makin rajin saja politisi kita mengutip adagium yang sangat populer di Eropa pada abad pertengahan. Adagium itu berbunyi vox populi vox dei, yang artinya: Suara rakyat adalah suara Tuhan.
Kutipan berbahasa Latin itu terus-menerus diulang dan didengungkan, bahwa pemilihan umum adalah saatnya rakyat menentukan pilihan dan masa depannya. Apa pun pilihan rakyat, tak bisa digugat, karena itu adalah juga kehendak Tuhan.
Munculnya kalimat pendek itu sebenarnya dilatari oleh kezaliman Raja Louis XIV dari Prancis (1643-1715), yang selalu berkata dengan pongahnya sampai menjadi termasyhur, yaitu: L’etat c’est moi, hukum itu adalah saya!
Pernyataan ini jelas mengandung makna bahwa dirinya identik dengan Tuhan atau dapat diartikan bahwa segala sesuatu yang keluar dari dirinya, pastilah mewakili Tuhan. Maka, sebagai reaksi terhadap ekspresi itu, orang kemudian memunculkan slogan lain, vox populi vox dei.
Dalam konteks kekinian, sah-sah saja menggunakan adagium itu, khususnya di gelanggang politik, walaupun banyak pertanyaan menyangkut hal ini. Misalnya, kalau memang suara rakyat adalah suara Tuhan, apakah Tuhan ikut bersalah karena rakyat telah membiarkan Soeharto menjadi presiden selama tiga dasawarsa? Dan, apakah Tuhan ikut pula bersama rakyat saat Soeharto ditumbangkan?
Contoh lainnya, dalam sebuah pemilihan kepala desa, ketika seorang calon terpilih karena membagi-bagi uang pada penduduk, apakah Tuhan juga bisa disuap? Ketika kepala desa tersebut melakukan korupsi, apakah Tuhan bisa dipersalahkan? Tapi, biarlah itu menjadi polemik di kalangan politisi, karena tulisan ini lebih kepada penggunaan adagium tersebut dalam konteks ilmu hukum.
Pasalnya, dalam penerapan hukum pun, adagium ini sering dipakai, meski tidak secara langsung diucapkan. Padahal, dalam penerapan hukum, cara pikir tersebut harus diharamkan. Suara rakyat tidak serta merta (mestinya) menjadi hukum, tanpa adanya bukti yang kuat.
Dalam bukunya berjudul Peradilan yang Sesat (Grafiti Pers, 1983), Hermann Mostar berkisah. Pada tahun 1854 di Kota Eldagsen, Hannover, Jerman, seorang wanita bernama Charlotte Hartmann ditemukan tewas terbunuh. Sejumlah perhiasan dan uang milik korban raib. Kasus ini membuat gempar lantaran desa itu dikenal sangat aman dan penduduknya saling kenal. Karena itu, tiba-tiba saja muncul tuduhan pada dua orang pria semata-mata karena keduanya dikenal sebagai warga yang suka mencuri dan berpenampilan tak sedap.
Meski Busse dan Ziegenmeyer sudah memberi alibi, tak ada saksi yang menguatkan. Penduduk pun memaksa pengadilan mendakwa yang bersangkutan karena tak ada lagi warga yang punya motif melakukan pembunuhan. Pihak pengadilan, karena terus didesak akhirnya menyidangkan kasus itu untuk memberi ketenangan bagi penduduk yang terus dihantui ketakutan adanya pembunuh yang berkeliaran. Persidangan berjalan berat sebelah. Motif yang memberatkan keduanya diungkap, sedangkan hal yang meringankan disimpan.
Di tengah berjalannya persidangan, Jaksa Agung meminta dihentikannya penuntutan terhadap kedua terdakwa. Namun, putusan itu membuat amarah penduduk memuncak. Pengadilan Tinggi akhirnya menyerah dan sidang dilanjutkan. Akhir kata, setelah mendengar keputusan dewan juri, hakim memutuskan kedua terdakwa divonis mati. Tak lama setelah itu, Ziegenmeyer menggantung diri di selnya karena tak tahan menanggung tuduhan. Namun, penduduk menerimanya sebagai pengakuan dosa.
Sembilan bulan kemudian, sebuah peristiwa pembunuhan terjadi di desa tetangga dan seorang pria bernama Bruns ditangkap. Dengan bukti yang kuat dia akhirnya mengaku sekaligus terungkap pula bahwa Bruns juga yang membunuh Charlotte. Busse yang belum sempat dieksekusi namun mengalami pendarahan otak serta lumpuh, dibebaskan serta ikut menyaksikan persidangan Bruns. Pada November 1856, Bruns dipancung atas kejahatan ganda yang dilakukannya. Sejak itu pula Kota Eldagsen terkenal di seluruh Jerman dan masuk dalam kepustakaan hukum dunia.
Dalam kasus ini, jika memang suara rakyat adalah suara Tuhan, artinya Ziegenmeyer telah digantung oleh Tuhan dan Busse lumpuh karena dihukum Tuhan. Hal tersebut tentu di luar akal sehat. Contoh kasus ini membuktikan bahwa suara rakyat bukan segala-galanya, apalagi menyamai kemauan Tuhan. Logikanya, kalau memang rakyat tanpa cela dan tanpa dosa, buat apa Tuhan disembah?
Sayang, prinsip ini tidak bisa diberlakukan pada setiap ruang dan waktu. Berkaca pada kasus penahanan Prita Mulyasari yang menjadi tertuduh dalam kasus pencemaran nama baik Rumah Sakit Omni Internasional, yang terjadi justru sebaliknya. Aparat penegak hukum telah bertindak berlebihan yang kemudian dikoreksi oleh suara publik. Inilah dilema hukum di Indonesia. Publik yang biasanya gampang menjatuhkan vonis ternyata lebih memiliki “kewarasan” ketimbang lembaga peradilan yang sudah tumpul nurani dan logikanya.
Dalam kasus Prita pula prinsip sebab dan akibat dalam ilmu hukum telah dijungkirbalikkan. Sungguh aneh, ketika Omni melaporkan kasus pencemaran nama baik, aparat penegak hukum langsung bergerak. Prita digugat secara perdata dan dituntut secara pidana sebelum kemudian dinyatakan bersalah dalam kasus perdata. Prita pun kemudian ditahan karena menjadi tersangka dalam kasus pidana.
Saya tidak menyoal tentang materi undang-undang yang menjerat Prita, karena pada titik ini, akal sehat benar-benar telah dimandulkan pengadilan. Bukankah sebelum Prita digugat dan didakwa, harus dibuktikan dulu benar atau tidaknya tuduhan terhadap Omni seperti yang dia tulis dalam surat elektroniknya? Seandainya apa yang ditulis Prita adalah benar, berarti lembaga peradilan telah sesat dalam mengadili karena dia sama sekali tidak mencemarkan nama Omni.
Pada tahun 399 SM, pengadilan di Athena, Yunani, memutuskan Socrates bersalah karena telah meracuni pikiran kaum muda dengan ajaran-ajarannya. Pada usia 70 tahun, filusuf kenamaan itu dijatuhi hukuman mati dengan meminum racun. Setelah 24 abad berlalu, kasus yang sama kembali terjadi. Seorang ibu rumah tangga didakwa karena menuliskan kegundahan hatinya. Benar agaknya, kita memang tak pernah mau belajar pengalaman.
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